If you’re building a performance street car or race car, at some point you’re probably going to need to use a dyno if you want to get the most out of all your shiny expensive parts. It wasn’t too many years ago that dynos were almost the exclusive realm of well-funded race teams. They were expensive, rare and difficult to use, so that really limited their usefulness in the street performance market. These days though, the dyno market is bustling, and as tuners we have access to a wide range of quality, accurate dyno equipment at a fraction of what it cost back in the early to mid 2000s.
Dynos have an unenviable reputation – just search ‘Dyno Fail’ on YouTube and you’ll get the idea. For some they are the source of bragging rights, but for others they are the destroyer of hopes, dreams and engines. Before blaming the dyno though, let’s get a better understanding of what you’re dealing with. This post will sort some fact from fiction and give you the information you need to know before heading to a dyno shop.
Let’s start with what a dyno actually is…
A dyno, or dynamometer as it’s also known, is a device that we can use to apply a load to an engine to simulate how the engine operates when we drive on the road or track. Think of it like this – if we jacked the drive wheels of a car off the ground and tried to drive the car, there would be no resistance on the engine and even a moderate amount of throttle would have the engine sitting on the rev limit. The dyno provides a load to control the engine RPM, so you could think of it like a big brake.
Being able to apply an accurately controlled load is important, but at the same time a dyno will log data while we’re running the engine. RPM, torque, air/fuel ratio and boost pressure are some of the key channels we want to monitor, although the options are almost unlimited. This lets us perform a ramp run on the dyno, check the engine’s performance, and make decisions about tuning changes based on the logged data.
From the tuner’s perspective, it’s all about quantifying the results of a change. This might be a tuning change such as altering the fuel, ignition timing or boost, or it may be measuring the result of changing a part like a manifold, camshaft or exhaust. Either way, we need accurate data so that we know if the change we made was an improvement or a disaster.
Dynos can be broken down into two main types: engine dynos and chassis dynos. Engine dynos require the engine to be removed from the car and fitted to a dyno fixture for tuning. A chassis dyno on the other hand is what we are probably more familiar with these days, where the engine is tuned while it’s still fitted to the car.
An engine dyno is often a better option for development work as it’s very easy to work around the engine and parts can be quickly swapped and tested. This is why engine dynos are the dyno of choice for professional race teams, engine builders and OEMs. For street and amateur level motorsport though, the chassis dyno is a much more convenient and cost effective option. It’s the development in chassis dynos particularly that has made dyno tuning an accessible and affordable option for those of us on the street.
A rolling road dyno is probably what most people have in their mind when they think of a chassis dyno. These are still by far the most common, however manufacturers such as Dynapack, Mainline and Rototest also produce hub dynos where the wheels are removed from the car and the car is physically bolted to the dyno. The advantage of a hub dyno over a rolling road is that wheel spin is eliminated, which is handy for very high-powered engines.
The most common methods used by the dyno to apply load or braking force, include eddy current retarders, a water brake or a hydraulic brake – often referred to as power absorbers. Dynos incorporating a power absorber can accurately control and vary the load allowing the engine to be tuned in ‘steady state’. This is where the dyno holds the RPM steady regardless of the throttle position – something essential for properly mapping an aftermarket ECU.
These braked dynos that I’ve just mentioned shouldn’t be confused with an inertia dyno which uses no brake or power absorber. Inertia dynos use a single roller with a large mass, and knowing the mass, the diameter of the roller, and the rate it is accelerated at, allows the power to be calculated. Since this type of dyno has no brake though, it’s only really useful for tuning at wide-open throttle. So, great for a drag car but less useful for circuit or street cars.
The Truth About Dynos
Most people assume that the dyno is there to measure engine power but this isn’t quite the case. The dyno doesn’t measure power, it calculates it, and to do this the dyno needs to know the amount of torque being produced as well as rpm. A dyno will often measure torque using a load cell as pictured. Once the dyno knows the torque and rpm, it can calculate the power.
Since there is so much misunderstanding around dynos, so here are a few more common misconceptions I’ll clear up:
Dynos Blow Up Engines
This is probably the most common myth I’ve heard in 15 years as a professional engine tuner. Many years ago there may have even been some truth in this as dyno technology and control systems weren’t as advanced, but these days though a modern dyno can perform a full ramp test through an engine’s RPM range in as little as 8-10 seconds. Following this, the engine will then be brought back to idle while the data is analysed and decisions are made.
There is no more load or stress placed on the engine than if you were to drive it at full throttle on the road. In fact, with all of the engine’s parameters being monitored, usually it’s much safer.
Power Figures
Everyone loves power figures and when it comes to dyno sheets, the bigger the better. There will always be a steady stream of keyboard warriors stroking their ego on various forums by posting up their latest dyno sheet, and next comes the inevitable battle about which dyno reads high or low, and how does that compare to ‘X’ brand of dyno. The reality is that every brand of dyno will produce a different reading.
The dyno should be considered as a comparative tool only. Personally, I don’t care if a dyno reads in killowatts, horsepower or mega-ponies. What I’m interested in is how much power I had when I started and what I ended up with when I was finished. This is the true value of a dyno from a tuner’s perspective and trying to compare numbers between different dynos is pointless. This also means when you are developing or modifying your car, you always want to do your testing on the same dyno.
Flywheel vs Wheel Power
A couple of decades back, if you wanted to run your engine on a dyno, an engine dyno was your only option and these dynos return a reading of flywheel power. These days though, we are more likely to use a chassis dyno which measures power at the drive wheels. With a gearbox, differential and perhaps a transfer case between the flywheel and the wheels, the wheel power value will always be lower than the flywheel figure.
Since everyone wants bigger numbers, the question always is: ‘What’s it make at the flywheel?’ This is harder to answer than you’d think. First of all it will depend on the drivetrain. An automatic transmission is a little more power-hungry than a manual, and a four-wheel drive will tend to sap more power than a two-wheel drive. Secondly, we need to think about how this power loss is dealt with. Is the power loss constant, or is it a percentage? And what happens to the power loss when you increase the engine power?
In reality the answer doesn’t matter – the only way to get a true answer is to remove the engine and run it on an engine dyno. Beyond that, forget about bragging rights and use the dyno as it was meant to be used: a comparative tool.
The Dyno Is The Only Way To Tune An Engine
The dyno is an important tool for any tuner as it gives us feedback about the tuning changes we are making. It’s also important to understand its limitations though. For example, it’s hard to replicate the sort of airflow on the dyno that we could expect at 200km/h. Since we don’t drive or race cars on a dyno, what really matters is the engine’s performance on the road or track, and this is why I’m a big advocate of checking and confirming the tune out in the real world.
Getting The Most From Your Dyno Session
I’ve spent a good chunk of my life on various dynos around the world and the problems I see are always the same. Dyno time is expensive so you want everything to go as smoothly as possible. This will ensure you get the best results out of your dyno session and it will help with your tuner’s sanity. Here’s my five top tips for your next trip to the dyno:
1. Turn up with a full tank of fuel
Pretty straightforward, yet I’ve lost count of the number of cars delivered for tuning with the low fuel light on. Tuning isn’t magic and to properly tune your engine, it’s going to need fuel. A tune could consume anything from 20 litres through to 80 litres or more depending on how long the car spends on the dyno, so give yourself the best chance with a full tank. This is even more important if you’re running some exotic and hard to find race fuel.
2. Make sure your engine is dyno-ready
Dyno tuning is going to put your engine under the same sort of stress you can expect on a race track. You wouldn’t head to the track without making sure your fluids are topped up and the same applies to a dyno session. At a minimum you want to check your fluid levels and also check the condition of your spark plugs. If your car has a manual gearbox you’re also going to need a clutch that’s in good health and not slipping.
3. Don’t bring a grenade to the dyno
While a dyno isn’t going to place any more stress on your engine than driving it at full throttle on the road, if your engine is using oil, smoking heavily out the exhaust, pushing water out or generally in poor health, your dyno session probably isn’t going to end well. If you know your engine isn’t healthy it will be cheaper to fix it before you end up with a hole in your block!
4. Fix your oil leaks
Cleaning up the dyno bay isn’t fun and if you want to keep your tuner smiling and minimise your bill, stopping your car from messing up the floor is a great place to start. If your engine resembles some kind of internal combustion sprinkler system, get it fixed before heading to the dyno.
5. Make sure your expectations are realistic
Remember that bit about dynos blowing up engines? Well, sometimes despite the best efforts by everyone involved, things can go wrong. So who’s to blame? This is an awkward question that unfortunately comes up from time to time and it’s important to have your expectations clear from the start.
You should be able to expect a professional tuner to provide the correct air/fuel ratio and ignition advance to keep your engine safe. If you’re chasing huge power numbers that are well beyond the factory limits though, even the best tuner in the world can exceed the mechanical strength of a part. Also, if your engine is just plain worn out or already damaged then things can end badly.
If you are trying to break world records (or pump up your Instagram game), then you need to accept that things can go wrong. If on the other hand, if breaking your engine would ruin your day or your bank account, then let your tuner know so they can tune with an appropriate safety margin.
So there you have it – I hope that’s cleared up some of the misunderstanding surrounding dynos and given you some valuable info for your next tuning session. If you want to see a dyno in action, check out the video above, or click here if you can’t see it.
If you think I’ve missed something or you have more dyno-related questions, ask away in the comments section below and I’ll do my best to answer them.
Andre Simon
Instagram: hpa101
Images by Ben Silcock
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